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This handbook offers insights into how science (physical, natural and social) and technology can support new developments to manage the complexity resident within the threat and risk landscape. The security landscape can be described as dynamic and complex stemming from the emerging threats and risks that are both persistent and transborder. Globalization, climate change, terrorism, transnational crime can have significant societal impact and forces one to re-evaluate what national security means. Recent global events such as mass migration, terrorist acts, pandemics and cyber threats highlight the inherent vulnerabilities in our current security posture. As an interdisciplinary body of work, the Handbook of Security Science captures concepts, theories and security science applications, thereby providing a survey of current and emerging trends in security. Through an evidence-based approach, the collection of chapters in the book delivers insightful and comprehensive articulation of the problem and solution space associated with the complex security landscape. In so doing the Handbook of Security Science introduces scientific tools and methodologies to inform security management, risk and resilience decision support systems; insights supporting design of security solutions; approaches to threat, risk and vulnerability analysis; articulation of advanced cyber security solutions; and current developments with respect to integrated computational and analytical solutions that increase our understanding of security physical, social, economic, and technological interrelationships and problem space.

This edited book captures salient global security challenges and presents 'design' solutions in dealing with wicked problems. Through case studies and applied research this book reveals the many perspectives, tools and approaches to support security design. Security design thereby can support risk and threat analysis, risk communication, problem framing and development of interventions strategies. From the refugee crisis to economic slowdowns in emerging markets, from ever-rising numbers of terrorist and cyberattacks to global water shortages, to the proliferation of the Internet of Things and its impact on the security of our homes, cities and critical infrastructure, the current security landscape is diverse and complex. These global risks have been in the headlines in the last year (Global Risks Report) and pose significant security challenges both nationally and globally. In fact, national security is no longer just national. Non-state actors, cyber NGO, rising powers, and hybrid wars and crimes in strategic areas pose complex challenges to global security. In the words of Horst Rittel (1968):"Design is an activity, which aims at the production of a plan, which plan -if implemented- is intended to bring about a situation with specific desired characteristics without creating unforeseen and undesired side and after effects." .--

Networks and Network Analysis for Defence and Security discusses relevant theoretical frameworks and applications of network analysis in support of the defence and security domains. This book details real world applications of network analysis to support defence and security. Shocks to regional, national and global systems stemming from natural hazards, acts of armed violence, terrorism and serious and organized crime have significant defence and security implications. Today, nations face an uncertain and complex security landscape in which threats impact/target the physical, social, economic and cyber domains. Threats to national security, such as that against critical infrastructures not only stem from man-made acts but also from natural hazards. Katrina (2005), Fukushima (2011) and Hurricane Sandy (2012) are examples highlighting the vulnerability of critical infrastructures to natural hazards and the crippling effect they have on the social and economic well-being of a community and a nation. With this dynamic and complex threat landscape, network analysis has emerged as a key enabler in supporting defence and security. With the advent of 'big data' and increasing processing power, network analysis can reveal insights with regards to structural and dynamic properties thereby facilitating greater understanding of complex networks, their entities, interdependencies, vulnerabilities to produce insights for creative solutions. This book will be well positioned to inform defence, security and intelligence professionals and researchers with regards to leading methodologies and approaches.

1. Security landscape -- 2. Innovation approaches and processes -- 3. Design thinking for Defence and Security -- 4. Innovation in Global health security- bioforensics -- 5. Smart technologies, Public safety and security -- 6. Innovations in intelligence and national security -- 7. Innovations in Border Security- beyond biometrics -- 8. Cross border collaboration to support innovation in security -- 9. Innovations in policing and first responders -- 10. Innovations in nuclear forensics -- 11. Innovations in Disaster Risk Reduction -- 12. Capability analysis and architectural frameworks to support security design.

Contents -- Introduction -- Forensics -- References -- 1 Individual and Societal Risk (RiskIS): Beyond Probability and Consequence During Hurricane Katrina -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Foundations: Culture, Society, and Risk -- 2.1 Engineering Risk -- 2.2 Culture and Risk Analysis -- 2.3 Society and Risk Analysis -- 3 A Review of Literature: The Influence of Culture and Society on Risk Analysis -- 4 Case Application: Hurricane Katrina -- 4.1 Context of Hurricane Katrina -- 4.2 Action Taking: The Case for New Orleans During Katrina -- 4.3 Limitations of RiskIS Framework

Intro -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 1 Security Challenges -- 2 Content -- References -- 2 Non-traditional Transnational Security Challenges in Serbian, British and Dutch Security Discourses: A Cross-Country Comparison -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The EvoCS Analytical Framework -- 2.1 The Human Rights and Ethical Aspects of the Analytical Framework -- 3 Preliminary Results from the Case Studies -- 3.1 The Netherlands -- 3.2 Serbia -- 3.3 United Kingdom (UK) -- 4 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 3 National Security in a Hyper-connected World -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 National Security in the Age of Hyper-connectivity -- 2.1 The Interdependent World: The Nation-State's in a ``Borderless World'' -- 2.2 From Hobbesian Survival to National Security in an Interconnected World -- 2.3 Economic Security in a Hyper-connected World -- 3 Critical Infrastructure Protection in a Hyper-connected World -- 3.1 Critical Infrastructure Protection: Securing Transnational Dependencies -- 3.2 The Global Supply Chain and National Security -- 4 Cyber Security and National Security: Securing the Global Cyber Domain -- 4.1 National Critical Information Infrastructure and the Global Internet -- 5 Establishing a Holistic Strategy for National Security in a Hyper-connected World -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Is Maritime Security a Traditional Security Challenge? -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Defining Maritime Security -- 2.1 The Academic Approach -- 3 International Organisations and States -- 4 Maritime Insecurities: Actors Involved and the Causal Factors -- 4.1 Maritime Piracy -- 4.2 Maritime Terrorism -- 4.3 Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing and Fisheries Crime -- 5 Exploring the Human and Maritime Security Nexus -- 6 Conclusion -- References.

Recent events such as the terrorist attack in Algeria (January 2013), the Boston Marathon Bombing (April 2013), the apprehension of two suspected al-Qaeda linked terrorists in Toronto, (April 2013), highlight the requirement for greater understanding regarding the radicalization and recruitment of terrorists. As detailed in the US Department of State Report (2011), over 10,000 terrorist attacks occurred in 2011, affecting nearly 45,000 victims in 70 countries and resulting in over 12,500 deaths. With a focus on the outcomes and results of terrorist activities, terrorism itself often becomes a 'blackbox' concept that does not capture the essence of the radicalization process nor the mechanisms of recruitment. This conceptual paper introduces Actor Network Theory (ANT) as a systems lens to open the 'blackbox' of terrorism. This systems lens '…is a discipline for seeing wholes. It is a framework for seeing interrelationships rather than things, for seeing patterns of change rather than static snapshots' (Senge, 1990:68). The systems view facilitated by ANT is supported and informed by methods of network analysis and conceptual modelling that highlight how dynamic networked actors shape the radicalization process through the actor network process of translation.

1. America's Longest War: A Twenty-Year Epiphany -- 2. A Problem We Fueled: Learning Lessons from Corruption in Afghanistan -- 3. How America's Great Power Competitors Privatized the GPC -- 4. Organizing US: Regime Theory for Integrated Statecraft -- 5. A Cyber Solarium Commission Approach to Cyber Security Cooperation -- 6. Putting the Afghan Puzzle Together: Afghan and U.S. Perspectives on Legitimacy -- 7. The Taliban's Exploitation of Afghan Information and Information Systems -- 8. 500 Men: An Alternate Approach to America's War in Afghanistan -- 9. Reflections on the Fateful Collapse of the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces -- 10. Restoring and Relinquishing Women's Rights in Afghanistan: Fundamental but Fragile Gains.

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- From the Great Power Competition to Great Power Cooperation: Strategic Lessons from a Pandemic -- Introduction -- How the Pandemic Has Altered the Geo-Strategic Landscape in CASA - Revealed Interconnectedness and Interdependence -- Increased Vulnerability to Misinformation in the COVID-19 Era -- Recommendations for U.S. Strategic Shifts in a Post-Pandemic CASA Region -- New Silk Road Initiative Investment in Afghanistan -- Cooperation with Other Regional Powers -- Cooperation Over Competition with China in Afghanistan -- China-U.S. Partnerships -- Conclusion -- References -- Iran and the United States: The Way Forward -- Introduction -- The Military Dimension -- US-Iran Relations-the Way Forward -- References -- Who Are the Great Powers in 2021? -- Introduction -- The United States -- China and Russia -- ...and India? -- Regional Power Competition -- Iran -- Pakistan -- Saudi Arabia -- Qatar -- United Arab Emirates (UAE) -- Israel -- Jordan -- Exploiting Regional Friction Points and Proxy Fights -- Yemen -- Other Players in the Region -- Oman -- Bahrain -- Kuwait -- The Global Rebalance -- References -- Exploiting Seams and Gaps in the Central Asia and South Asia Region: A Framework for Analysis -- Introduction -- Seven Days in March 2021: The Suez Canal Crisis, the Greater Indian Ocean Region, and CASA -- The Seams and Gaps Analytical Framework -- Geographic and Cognitive Seams: Intra-Ocean Trade Routes and the CASA Region -- Diplomatic, Economic, Institutional, and Cognitive: China's Belt and Road Initiative -- Conclusions: Calibration and Consistency to Close Seams and Gaps -- References -- Building Trust and Advancing U.S. Geoeconomic Strength Through Public-Private Partnership Stakeholder Capitalism -- Introduction.

This book explores types of disruptions in defence and security, ways to assess disruptions triggered by technological advancements or the lack of legal frameworks; the consequent delays or disruptions to making decisions, creative idea generation and finally the innovative pathways to counter such disruptions. What do disruption, ideation and innovation have in common? How do disruptions, ideas and innovation coexist within defence and security? They all influence and impact decision-making. Disruptions drive decision-making. Ideation raises solutions to resolve the disruptions and innovation brings ideas into life. While disruptions may be common place in the business world, where disruptive technologies displace pre-existing ones; they are less prevalent in defence, even less so within the realm of security. For the last 10 years, there has been talk of disruptive technologies and even adoption of terms such as emerging and disruptive technologies by the largest military allianceNATO, yet the means to assess these remain elusive. It offers researchers opportunities to assess different types of disruptions, ideate and innovate on scientific grounds to counter disruptions, thereby bolstering the defence and security communitys ability to make decisions better.

Even before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Central Region faced numerous obstacles to building a stable and prosperous future. The region, which encompasses the Middle East, the Horn of Africa, Central Asia, and South Asia, has been plagued by economic and political uncertainty amidst dramatic shifts in the global power structure. With the pandemic now exacerbating the volatility in this already fragile region, the U.S.'s strategic objectives are rife for re-examination. A complicated stew of factors such as weakening of established governance systems, the emboldening of extremist individuals and groups through advances in digital technology, the humanitarian crises in Afghanistan and Syria, and the intensification of the great power competition with China and Russia are creating a fertile environment for the growth of violent extremist organizations (VEOs). Such organizations take advantage of vulnerable, aggrieved, and traumatized populations to fuel radicalization, recruitment, and unrest, which further undermine stability and the potential for peace and prosperity. While it is still early to fully understand how the ongoing response to the COVID-19 pandemic will impact U.S. policy, this book provides a timely analysis of relevant dynamics such as popular radicalization, digital information ecosystems, networks of influence, and new capabilities to recognize and prepare for other such black swan events in the region.

Over the past decade, the international political system has come to be characterized as a Great Power Competition in which multiple would-be hegemons compete for power and influence. Instead of a global climate of unchallenged United States dominance, revisionist powers, notably China and Russia alongside other regional powers, are vying for dominance through political, military, and economic means. A critical battleground in the Great Powers Competition is the Middle East, the Horn of Africa, and the Central Asia South Asia (CASA), also known as the Central Region. With the planned withdrawal of U.S. military forces from Afghanistan, the U.S. has stated its intention of shifting attention away from the CASA Region in favor of a more isolationist foreign policy approach. This book provides an in-depth understanding of the implications for this shift related to regional diplomacy & politics, economic opportunities & rivalries, security considerations & interests, and the information environment. Amplifying the vital importance of success in the Central Region to U.S. prosperity and security, this volume advances dialogue in identifying key issues for stakeholders within and beyond the Central Region to gain a holistic perspective that better informs decision-making at various levels. This collection of work comes from scholars, strategic thinkers, and subject matter experts who participated in the Great Power Competition Conference hosted by the University of South Florida, in partnership with the National Defense University Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Strategies in January 2020.

This book shares essential insights into how the social sciences and technology could foster new advances in managing the complexity inherent to the criminal and digital policing landscape. Said landscape is both dynamic and intricate, emanating as it does from crimes that are both persistent and transnational. Globalization, human and drug trafficking, cybercrime, terrorism, and other forms of transnational crime can have significant impacts on societies around the world. This necessitates a reassessment of what crime, national security and policing mean. Recent global events such as human and drug trafficking, the COVID-19 pandemic, violent protests, cyber threats and terrorist activities underscore the vulnerabilities of our current security and digital policing posture. This book presents concepts, theories and digital policing applications, offering a comprehensive analysis of current and emerging trends in digital policing. Pursuing an evidence-based approach, it offers an extraordinarily perceptive and detailed view of issues and solutions regarding the crime and digital policing landscape. To this end, it highlights current technological and methodological solutions as well as advances concerning integrated computational and analytical solutions deployed in digital policing. It also provides a comprehensive analysis of the technical, ethical, legal, privacy and civil liberty challenges stemming from the aforementioned advances in the field of digital policing; and accordingly, offers detailed recommendations supporting the design and implementation of best practices including technical, ethical and legal approaches when conducting digital policing. The research gathered here fits well into the larger body of work on various aspects of AI, cybersecurity, national security, digital forensics, cyberterrorism, ethics, human rights, cybercrime and law. It provides a valuable reference for law enforcement, policymakers, cybersecurity experts, digital forensic practitioners, researchers, graduates and advanced undergraduates, and other stakeholders with an interest in counter-terrorism. In addition to this target audience, it offers a valuable tool for lawyers, criminologist and technology enthusiasts.